home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
-
- Sellers [Page 46]
- ^L
- RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994
-
-
- APPENDIX C: GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS DOCUMENT
-
- The following is a short glossary of terms used in this document.
- For a more complete glossary of Internet terms, refer to FYI 18 (RFC
- 1392), "Internet Users' Glossary". These definitions are largely
- excerpted from that glossary. (See Section 8, "Suggested Reading",
- above.)
-
- Anonymous FTP
-
- Accessing data via the File Transfer Protocol using the special
- username "anonymous". This was devised as a method to provide a
- relatively secure way of providing restricted access to public
- data. Users who wish to acquire data from a public source may use
- FTP to connect to the source, then use the special username
- "anonymous" and their email address as the password to log into a
- public data area.
-
- Cracker
-
- A person who uses computer knowledge to attempt to gain access to
- computer systems and/or maliciously damage those systems or data.
-
- Dial-in (also dial-up)
-
- A connection, usually made via modems, between two computers (or
- servers) over standard voice grade telephone lines.
-
- Download
-
- To copy data from a remote computer to a local computer. The
- opposite of upload.
-
- DSU/CSU (Data Service Unit/Channel Service Unit)
-
- The digital equivalent of a modem. A Channel Service Unit
- connects to a telephone company-provided digital data circuit, and
- a Data Service Unit provides the electronics required to connect
- digital equipment to the CSU. Paired together a DSU/CSU allows
- computer equipment to be connected into the telephone digital
- service for highly conditioned, high speed data communications.
-
- Electronic Bulletin Board System (BBS)
-
- A computer, and associated software, which typically provides
- electronic messaging services, archives of files, and any other
- services or activities of interest to the bulletin board system's
- operator. Although BBSs have traditionally been the domain of
-
-
-
- Sellers [Page 47]
- ^L
- RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994
-
-
- hobbyists, an increasing number of BBSs are connected directly to
- the Internet, and many BBSs are currently operated by government,
- educational, and research institutions.
-
- EMail (Electronic Mail)
-
- A system whereby a computer user can exchange messages with other
- computer users (or groups of users) via a communications network.
-
- FidoNet
-
- A network of computers interconnected using the FIDO dial-up
- protocols. The FIDO protocol provides a means of "store and
- forward" file transfer similar to UUCP.
-
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
-
- A protocol which allows a user on one host to access, and transfer
- files to and from, another host over a network. Also, FTP is
- usually the name of the program the user invokes to execute the
- protocol.
-
- FYI (For Your Information)
-
- A subseries of RFCs that are not technical standards or
- descriptions of protocols. FYIs convey general information about
- topics related to TCP/IP or the Internet. See also: RFC (Request
- for Comments).
-
- Gopher
-
- A distributed information service that links many types of
- information from all around the Internet and presents it to the
- user in a series of menus. Because hundreds of Gopher servers
- cooperate in providing access to information and services, the
- user sees a single, uniform interface to information that actually
- resides on different host computers. The Gopher interface is very
- easy to use, and public domain versions of the clients and servers
- are available.
-
- Hacker
-
- A person who delights in having an intimate understanding of the
- internal workings of a system, computers and computer networks in
- particular. The popular media has corrupted this term to give it
- the pejorative connotation of a person who maliciously uses
- computer knowledge to cause damage to computers and data. The
- proper term for this type of person is "cracker".
-
-
-
- Sellers [Page 48]
- ^L
- RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994
-
-
- Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
-
- The IETF is a large, open community of network designers,
- operators, vendors, and researchers whose purpose is to coordinate
- the operation, management and evolution of the Internet, and to
- resolve short-range and mid-range protocol and architectural
- issues. It is a major source of protocol proposals and standards.
-
- InterNIC
-
- A Network Information Center (NIC), funded by the National Science
- foundation, that provides information about the Internet. The
- InterNIC is a team of three contractors, each of which focuses on
- a particular network support task. The three tasks are:
- Information Services (the task most often cited in this document),
- Registration Services, and Directory and Database Services.
-
- Kbs (Kilo-Bits per Second)
-
- A data transmission rate expressed in 1000 bit per second units.
- For example, 56Kbs is 56*1000=56,000 bits per second.
-
- LAN (Local Area Network)
-
- A data network intended to serve an area of only a few square
- kilometers or less. Since such are networks relatively small they
- can usually be directly controlled by the users and operate at
- relatively high speeds (up to 100Mb/s [10 million bits per
- second]) over inexpensive wiring.
-
- Leased line
-
- A leased line is a special phone company permanent connection
- between two locations. Leased lines are generally used where
- high-speed data (usually 960 characters per second and higher) is
- continually exchanged between two computers (in the Internet,
- generally between routers). A leased line is billed at the same
- rate per month independent of how much the line is used and can be
- cheaper than using dial modems depending on the usage. Leased
- lines may also be used where higher data rates are needed beyond
- what a dial modem can provide.
-
- Listserv (mailing list server)
-
- An automated program that accepts mail messages from users and
- performs basic operations on mailing lists for those users. In
- the Internet, listservs are usually accessed as "listname@host";
- for example, the list server for the hypothetical list
-
-
-
- Sellers [Page 49]
- ^L
- RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994
-
-
- "newsreports@acme.org" would be called "listserv@acme.org".
- Sending email to "newsreports@acme.org" causes the message to be
- sent to all the list subscribers, while sending a message (to
- subscribe or unsubscribe, for example) to "listserv@acme.org"
- sends the message only to the list server. Not all mailing lists
- use list servers to handle list administration duties.
-
- Mailing Lists
-
- A list of email addresses. Generally, a mailing list is used to
- discuss certain set of topics, and different mailing lists discuss
- different topics. A mailing list may be moderated, that is
- messages sent to the list are actually sent to a moderator who
- determines whether or not to send the messages on to everyone
- else. Many mailing lists are maintained by a "listserv" (list
- server) program that automatically handles operations such as
- adding new people to the list. (See above.) In the Internet, for
- those mailing lists maintained by a human, rather than by a
- listserv, you can generally subscribe to a list by sending a mail
- message to: "listname-REQUEST@host" and in the body of the message
- enter a request to subscribe. To send messages to other
- subscribers, you will then use the address "listname@host".
-
- Modem (MODulator/DEModulator)
-
- A device that converts the digital signals used by computers into
- analog signals needed by voice telephone systems. Modems can be
- "dial" or "leased line" type. Dial type modems are used on normal
- telephone lines to call remote computers, and usually operate at
- speeds between 120 to 1,920 characters per second.
-
- Network Access Provider (Network Service Provider)
-
- Any organization that provides network connectivity or dial-up
- access. Service providers may be corporations, government
- agencies, universities, or other organizations.
-
- Network News
-
- Another name for "Usenet News".
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Sellers [Page 50]
- ^L
- RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994
-
-
- NIC (Network Information Center)
-
- A central place where information about a network within the
- Internet is maintained. Usually NICs are staffed by personnel who
- answer user telephone calls and electronic mail, and provide
- general network usage information and referrals, among other
- possible tasks. Most network service providers also provide a NIC
- for their users.
-
- Port
-
- TCP/IP assigns at least one address to a host computer, but
- applications such as FTP must talk to a corresponding server
- application on the host. The "port" is the way TCP/IP designates
- the remote application. Most common Internet servers have
- specific port numbers associated with them. For example, Telnet
- uses port number 23. These are known as "well known ports" and
- allow application programmers to write standard applications (such
- as Telnet, FTP, etc.) that "know" where the corresponding server
- is on a particular host.
-
- PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
-
- A protocol used to establish TCP/IP connections using serial lines
- such as dial-up telephone lines. Similar to SLIP (see below), PPP
- is a later standard that includes features such as demand dial-up,
- compression, better flow control, etc.
-
- Protocol
-
- A formal description of message formats and the rules two
- computers must follow to exchange those messages. Protocols can
- describe low-level details of machine-to-machine interfaces (e.g.,
- the order in which bits and bytes are sent across a wire) or
- high-level exchanges between allocation programs (e.g., the way in
- which two programs transfer a file across the Internet).
-
- Protocol Stack
-
- A series of protocols linked together to provide an end-to-end
- service. For example, the File Transfer Protocol uses the
- Transmission Control Protocol, which uses the Internet Protocol,
- which may use the Point to Point protocol, to transfer a file from
- one computer to another. The series FTP->TCP->IP->PPP is called a
- protocol stack.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Sellers [Page 51]
- ^L
- RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994
-
-
- RFC (Request for Comments)
-
- The document series, begun in 1969, which describes the Internet
- suite of protocols and related experiments. Not all (in fact very
- few) RFCs describe Internet standards, but all Internet standards
- are written up as RFCs. The RFCs include the documentary record
- of the Internet standards process.
-
- Router
-
- A computer which forwards traffic between networks. The
- forwarding decision is based on network layer information and
- routing tables, often constructed by routing protocols.
-
- SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)
-
- A protocol used to establish TCP/IP connections using serial lines
- such as dial-up telephone lines. Small computers, such as PCs and
- Macintoshes, can use SLIP to dial up to servers, which then allow
- the computer to act as a full Internet node. SLIP is generally
- used at sites with a few users as a cheaper alternative than a
- full Internet connection. SLIP is being replaced by PPP at many
- sites.
-
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
-
- TCP/IP is named for two of the major communications protocols used
- within the Internet (TCP and IP). These protocols (along with
- several others) provide the basic foundation for communications
- between hosts in the Internet. All of the service protocols, such
- as FTP, Telnet, Gopher, use TCP/IP to transfer information.
-
- Telnet
-
- Telnet is the Internet standard protocol for remote terminal
- connection service. The name "telnet" also is used to refer to
- programs that allow interactive access to remote computers, as
- well as the action of using said programs. For example, the
- phrase "Telnet to host xyzzy." means to interactively log into
- host "xyzzy" from some other host in the Internet.
-
- Upload
-
- To copy data from a local computer to a remote computer. The
- opposite of download.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Sellers [Page 52]
- ^L
- RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994
-
-
- Usenet News
-
- An electronic bulletin board system created originally by the Unix
- community and which is accessible via the Internet. Usenet News
- forms a discussion forum accessible by millions of users in almost
- every country in the world. Usenet News consists of thousands of
- topics arranged in a heirarchical form. Major topics include
- "comp" for computer topics, "rec" for recreational topics, "soc"
- for social topics, "sci" for science topics, etc. Within the
- major topics are subtopics, such as "rec.music.classical" for
- classical music, or "sci.med.physics" for discussions relating to
- the physics of medical science.
-
- UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy)
-
- This was initially a program run under the UNIX operating system
- that allowed one UNIX system to send files to another UNIX system
- via dial-up phone lines. Today, the term is more commonly used to
- describe the large international network which uses the UUCP
- protocol to pass news and electronic mail.
-
- Virus
-
- A program which replicates itself on computer systems by
- incorporating itself into other programs which are shared among
- computer systems.
-
- WAIS (Wide Area Information Server)
-
- A distributed information service which offers simple natural
- language input, indexed searching for fast retrieval, and a
- "relevance feedback" mechanism which allows the results of initial
- searches to influence future searches. Public domain
- implementations are available.
-
- WWW (World Wide Web)
-
- A hypertext-based, distributed information system created by
- researchers at CERN in Switzerland. Users may create, edit or
- browse hypertext documents. The clients and servers are freely
- available. The WWW servers are interconnected to allow a user to
- traverse the Web from any starting point; in addition, many other
- servers such as WAIS and Gopher have been incorporated into the
- WWW servers.
-
-
-
- Download Complete. 113562 total bytes, 1694 bytes/sec
- Press <RETURN> to continue
-